![0 5
Read Item A below and answer the question that follows.
Item A
Factors such as income, gender and ethnicity can have a significant impact on the
educational achievement of pupils. Governments have tried to reduce these differences
through initiatives to encourage more pupils from low socio-economic backgrounds to
enter higher education and through Pupil Premium to support such pupils. They have
also set up programmes to encourage girls to participate in ‘male-dominated’ subjects.
Some sociologists believe educational policies can be successful in reducing differences
in educational achievement between pupils. Others argue that inequalities are deeply
ingrained in society and that educational policies may have a limited impact.
Applying material from Item A and your knowledge, evaluate the view that government
educational policies have successfully improved the educational achievement of pupils.
[20 marks]
Extra space](/img/JUN25_71911/JUN25_71911_05.webp)
Mark scheme, including the levels grid and indicative content
Examiner's comment
Students had a good knowledge of policies in relation to this question. Not all were able to relate this knowledge to improving the educational achievement of pupils. There was also some confusion about the details of some policies that were deployed for example the way pupil premium operates. Higher-scoring students were able to identify a policy and its impact on achievement and then use theory/sociological perspectives to analyse and evaluate its impact. Furthermore, at the high end of the mark scheme, students were able to offer a contested viewpoint about some policies in order to develop their evaluation. At the lower end, this was juxtaposition. Many students used the item to expand on their knowledge and/or provide prompts.
Notes from the mark scheme and report
- must link each policy to its impact on achievement
- top band weighs policies against each other and against other explanations of achievement, with contested views of policies
- lower answers juxtaposed
- some confused how policies such as Pupil Premium work
![0 2
Evaluate the disadvantages of using official statistics in sociological research.
[16 marks]](/img/JUN25_71912/JUN25_71912_02.webp)
![0 7
Read Item A below and answer the question that follows.
Item A
Some feminists argue that the role of socialisation is to reinforce patriarchy and gender
inequality. They suggest that agencies of socialisation, such as the family and the
media, transmit values that justify gender inequality and reproduce traditional gender
roles.
However, other sociologists argue that patriarchy has significantly declined in
society. Some view the socialisation process in a more positive light, arguing that it
creates harmony and stability in society.
Applying material from Item A and your knowledge, evaluate the feminist view that the
role of socialisation is to reinforce and reproduce patriarchy.
[20 marks]](/img/JUN25_71912/JUN25_71912_07.webp)
![1 2
Read Item B below and answer the question that follows.
Item B
Marxists see social institutions as serving the interests of capitalism. They argue that
institutions such as the family help to maintain the system of class inequality and
exploitation. One way in which the family does this is by socialising children into
accepting hierarchies. The family is also an important market for consumer goods.
Alternatively, functionalists argue that the family performs vital functions for society.
For example, it benefits family members by offering mutual support and emotional
satisfaction.
Applying material from Item B and your knowledge, evaluate the Marxist view that the
main role of the family is to serve the interests of capitalism.
[20 marks]](/img/JUN25_71912/JUN25_71912_12.webp)
![1 7
Read Item C below and answer the question that follows.
Item C
Weberian sociologists argue that the medical profession use various strategies to
maintain their high status and power over patients. Furthermore, they believe that the
medical profession may serve the interests of themselves rather than their patients.
This contrasts with the functionalist view that sees the medical profession as protecting
patients and benefitting society.
Applying material from Item C and your knowledge, evaluate the view that the medical
profession may serve the interests of themselves rather than their patients.
[20 marks]](/img/JUN25_71912/JUN25_71912_17.webp)
![2 2
Read Item D below and answer the question that follows.
Item D
Marxists argue that the welfare state fails to tackle the real causes of poverty. In fact, it
helps to maintain the current system of social inequality by providing a minimum
standard of living. This minimum standard deals with the worst extremes of poverty
and therefore helps to prevent serious opposition to the way capitalist society is
organised.
However, sociologists from a social democratic perspective argue that the welfare state
does in fact address poverty and is an important part of government strategy to abolish
poverty in society.
Applying material from Item D and your knowledge, evaluate the view that the welfare
state has failed to tackle the real causes of poverty.
[20 marks]](/img/JUN25_71912/JUN25_71912_22.webp)
![0 4
Read Item B below and answer the question that follows.
Item B
Some sociologists suggest that the role of education is to reinforce value consensus in
society. They see schools as having a range of positive functions for both individuals
and society. One key function is to allocate pupils to their future occupations.
Other sociologists disagree and claim that the role of education is to reproduce existing
inequalities in the next generation.
Applying material from Item B and your knowledge, evaluate sociological explanations of
the role and functions of education in society.
[30 marks]
Extra space](/img/JUN25_71921/JUN25_71921_04.webp)
![0 3
Read Item B below and answer the question that follows.
Item B
Many sociologists see socialisation as a one-way process in which agencies of
socialisation make sure that individuals share the same values. According to
functionalists, this leads to social stability based on value consensus. Marxists see
socialisation as a form of social control in which people are led to accept
capitalist ideology.
Other sociologists see socialisation as a two-way process in which individuals play an
active part in shaping society.
Applying material from Item B and your knowledge, evaluate the view that socialisation is
a one-way process.
[20 marks]](/img/JUN25_71922/JUN25_71922_03.webp)
![0 6
Read Item D below and answer the question that follows.
Item D
March of progress sociologists argue that childhood has improved over time. Children
today are protected by a wide range of laws and children’s views are more valued than
they were in the past. Society has now also become increasingly child-centred.
However, other sociologists disagree. They argue that inequalities in society today
mean that, for some children, childhood is still a negative experience.
Applying material from Item D and your knowledge, evaluate the view that childhood has
improved over time.
[20 marks]](/img/JUN25_71922/JUN25_71922_06.webp)
![0 9
Read Item F below and answer the question that follows.
Item F
Some sociologists argue that health and illness can be considered as socially
constructed. This means that health and illness are the result of individual, social and
cultural interpretations and actions. It also means that health and illness can have
different meanings in different situations and may also depend on individual and
group perceptions.
Others define health as the absence of disease. Disease is a problem that can be
diagnosed, treated and cured by professionals such as doctors.
Applying material from Item F and your knowledge, evaluate the view that social
construction provides the best explanation of health and illness.
[20 marks]](/img/JUN25_71922/JUN25_71922_09.webp)
![1 2
Read Item H below and answer the question that follows.
Item H
There have been changes in the organisation and control of the labour process, such
as greater flexibility and specialisation, and new technology. Some sociologists argue
that changes such as these mean that workers now have increased responsibility and
autonomy. More occupations require a range of skills, training and qualifications.
Other sociologists, such as Marxists, point out that much work has been de-skilled.
There is also more surveillance and many workers still experience alienation.
Applying material from Item H and your knowledge, evaluate the extent to which changes
in the organisation and control of the labour process have led to workers needing more
skills and qualifications.
[20 marks]](/img/JUN25_71922/JUN25_71922_12.webp)
![1 5
Read Item J below and answer the question that follows.
Item J
Some sociologists, such as Marxists and feminists, argue that religion serves the
interests of powerful groups. For example, religion transmits ideology that reinforces
the position of powerful groups, such as the ruling class, and excludes other groups,
such as women, through its beliefs and practices.
However, other sociologists disagree and argue that religion instead serves the needs
of society as a whole.
Applying material from Item J and your knowledge, evaluate the view that religion serves
the interests of powerful groups.
[20 marks]](/img/JUN25_71922/JUN25_71922_15.webp)
![1 8
Read Item L below and answer the question that follows.
Item L
Some sociologists, such as modernisation theorists, see industrialisation as essential
for development. Industrialisation involves economic, social and cultural changes
which transform societies and make them modern. Many developing countries have
tried to develop through industrialisation.
However, others have pointed out that industrialisation has negative aspects, including
environmental damage. They argue that development in areas such as health,
education and gender equality, can be achieved without industrialisation.
Applying material from Item L and your knowledge, evaluate the view that
industrialisation is essential for development.
[20 marks]](/img/JUN25_71922/JUN25_71922_18.webp)
![2 1
Read Item N below and answer the question that follows.
Item N
Postmodernists see the globalised media, including social media, as giving people
greater choices, opportunities and access to a diversity of cultures. They argue that
the new media allow people to create media content and to construct their
own realities.
Other sociologists argue that the extent of change has been exaggerated. Many
people do not have access to the new media, so cannot make choices. Marxists claim
that media conglomerates still control the media.
Applying material from Item N and your knowledge, evaluate postmodernist explanations
of the media.
[20 marks]](/img/JUN25_71922/JUN25_71922_21.webp)
![2 4
Read Item P below and answer the question that follows.
Item P
Ethnicity is one factor that may affect life chances. For example, members of some
ethnic groups underachieve in education and are more likely to be in low paid work.
There are also differences between ethnic groups in rates of social mobility.
However, some sociologists argue that there are factors that affect life chances more
than ethnicity. For example, Marxists argue that social class is the most important
factor affecting a person’s life chances.
Applying material from Item P and your knowledge, evaluate the view that a person’s
ethnicity is the most important factor affecting their life chances.
[20 marks]](/img/JUN25_71922/JUN25_71922_24.webp)
![0 4
Read Item B below and answer the question that follows.
Item B
Marxists believe that working class crime can be explained by the organisation and
nature of an unequal capitalist society. Furthermore, they argue that corporate and
white-collar crimes often go unnoticed and unpunished. Some neo-Marxists argue that
the working class choose to commit crime as a way of resisting their negative
experiences of capitalism.
Other sociologists argue that blaming capitalism is too simplistic. For example, racism
and patriarchy also provide explanations of crime.
Applying material from Item B and your knowledge, evaluate Marxist explanations
of crime.
[30 marks]
Extra space](/img/JUN25_71923/JUN25_71923_04.webp)
![0 6
Read Item C below and answer the question that follows.
Item C
Consensus theorists argue that social policy has a central role to play in solving social
problems, reforming social institutions and improving society. For example,
functionalists believe that the state serves the interest of society as a whole in producing
social policies that benefit everyone. Furthermore, social policies are seen to help
society run smoothly and efficiently.
Some sociologists, however, are more critical of the role that social policy has in society.
For example, feminists see some social policies as representing the interests of men
and so disadvantaging women.
Applying material from Item C and your knowledge, evaluate sociological views on the
role of social policy in society.
[20 marks]](/img/JUN25_71923/JUN25_71923_06.webp)
![0 5
Read Item A below and answer the question that follows.
Item A
Some sociologists, such as functionalists, see the education system as playing an
important role in preparing pupils for work. They suggest that the education system
accurately identifies the more able pupils from the less able through examinations.
This allows pupils to be placed in suitable jobs or to receive appropriate training.
However, other sociologists are critical of this explanation. Marxists believe that
working-class pupils are deliberately failed by the education system. Other views
suggest that many things learnt in school, such as drama or music, have no direct
connection to the world of work.
Applying material from Item A and your knowledge, evaluate sociological explanations of
the role the education system plays in preparing pupils for work.
[20 marks]
Extra space](/img/JUN24_71911/JUN24_71911_05.webp)
![0 2
Evaluate the advantages of using positivist methods in sociological research.
[16 marks]](/img/JUN24_71912/JUN24_71912_02.webp)
![0 7
Read Item A below and answer the question that follows.
Item A
For some Marxists, culture in society reflects ruling class ideology. It expresses the
distorted view of the world put forward by the dominant class. Therefore, the key role
of culture is to maintain the system of social inequality that exists in capitalist society.
Alternatively, functionalist sociologists argue that the culture of society reflects the
shared values of that society. Society needs a shared culture to run effectively, and
various agencies play their part in socialising members of society.
Applying material from Item A and your knowledge, evaluate the Marxist approach to the
role of culture in society.
[20 marks]](/img/JUN24_71912/JUN24_71912_07.webp)
![1 2
Read Item B below and answer the question that follows.
Item B
‘March of progress’ sociologists suggest that the modern family has become more
child-centred than in the past. Each individual child is seen as important. Parents
spend a great deal of time and money making sure that their children enjoy a
comfortable upbringing.
Critics of this view would point to examples of child poverty and other negative
experiences that children today may face.
Applying material from Item B and your knowledge, evaluate the view that the modern
family has become more child-centred.
[20 marks]](/img/JUN24_71912/JUN24_71912_12.webp)
![1 7
Read Item C below and answer the question that follows.
Item C
According to cultural and behavioural explanations for inequalities in health and illness
in society, different social groups behave differently. These behavioural differences
are due to cultural variations between social groups, for example in attitudes to
smoking or diet.
Other explanations focus on the structure of society. Poverty and inequality are viewed
as the key factors in explaining the inequalities in health and illness in society.
Applying material from Item C and your knowledge, evaluate cultural and behavioural
explanations for inequalities in health and illness in society.
[20 marks]](/img/JUN24_71912/JUN24_71912_17.webp)
![2 2
Read Item D below and answer the question that follows.
Item D
Sociologists have found it difficult to measure the level of poverty in society. One
approach has been to identify how much money a family would need to live on and
then define as poor anyone whose income is below that level.
However, in practice, it has been difficult to define what the basic standard of living
should be in a society. Furthermore, some argue that the measurement of poverty is
not just about lack of income but should take into account wider aspects of deprivation,
such as social exclusion.
Applying material from Item D and your knowledge, evaluate different sociological
approaches to measuring the level of poverty in society.
[20 marks]](/img/JUN24_71912/JUN24_71912_22.webp)
![0 4
Read Item B below and answer the question that follows.
Item B
From a Marxist perspective, the education system supports capitalism. Marxists claim
that schools transmit ideology that benefits the ruling class. Schools also reproduce
existing class inequalities in the next generation. Marxists generally see pupils as
passive in this process.
However, functionalists argue that the education system is meritocratic and schools
provide all pupils with opportunities to succeed. They also claim that the values taught
in schools benefit all members of society.
Applying material from Item B and your knowledge, evaluate the usefulness of Marxist
perspectives in understanding the role of education.
[30 marks]
Extra space](/img/JUN24_71921/JUN24_71921_04.webp)
![0 3
Read Item B below and answer the question that follows.
Item B
Social class refers to a group of people who share a socio-economic status. Some
sociologists argue that social class is the most important factor in shaping identity.
Social class affects life chances, leisure activities and consumption patterns, as well as
values and beliefs.
Other sociologists disagree and suggest that other factors such as gender and ethnicity
are more important than social class in shaping identity.
Applying material from Item B and your knowledge, evaluate the view that social class is
the most important factor in shaping identity.
[20 marks]](/img/JUN24_71922/JUN24_71922_03.webp)
![0 6
Read Item D below and answer the question that follows.
Item D
Some sociologists argue that there is growing family diversity in the UK today. They
argue that there are now more family types and structures. They also claim that these
changes bring greater individual choice.
However, some functionalist sociologists argue that there is limited evidence to support
family diversity. They suggest the conventional nuclear family is still the dominant
family type and the one that best fits society’s needs.
Applying material from Item D and your knowledge, evaluate sociological explanations of
the nature and extent of family diversity in the UK today.
[20 marks]](/img/JUN24_71922/JUN24_71922_06.webp)
![0 9
Read Item F below and answer the question that follows.
Item F
Conflict sociologists argue that powerful groups contribute to inequalities in health and
illness. For example, Marxists claim that the medical profession and health care
industries reinforce class inequalities in health and illness.
Other sociologists argue that the medical profession has lost power. Individuals now
have increased choice when monitoring health and treating illness.
Applying material from Item F and your knowledge, evaluate the extent to which powerful
groups control health and illness.
[20 marks]](/img/JUN24_71922/JUN24_71922_09.webp)
![1 2
Read Item H below and answer the question that follows.
Item H
Functionalists suggest that poverty has various functions in society today. For
example, one function is that the fear of poverty encourages people to work hard to
achieve upward social mobility. They also argue that poverty is inevitable as some
individuals lack the skills and work ethic to perform higher earning jobs.
However, other sociologists argue that poverty is a source of conflict and the outcome
of inequalities in the class structure.
Applying material from Item H and your knowledge, evaluate the view that poverty is
functional and inevitable in society today.
[20 marks]](/img/JUN24_71922/JUN24_71922_12.webp)
![1 5
Read Item J below and answer the question that follows.
Item J
Globalisation refers to the increased interconnectedness of the world involving
technological and cultural changes. Postmodernists suggest that this has changed the
ways in which we interact with religious organisations, as well as allowing new types of
beliefs to emerge.
However, other sociologists disagree and believe that globalisation has resulted in the
rise of religious fundamentalism. It is also claimed that the process of globalisation has
led to the decline of religious belief in some areas.
Applying material from Item J and your knowledge, evaluate sociological views on the
relationship between religion and globalisation.
[20 marks]](/img/JUN24_71922/JUN24_71922_15.webp)
![1 8
Read Item L below and answer the question that follows.
Item L
There are gender differences in the experience of development and
underdevelopment. For example, the process of development often provides women
with more opportunities for education, better health and paid employment.
Early theories of development, such as modernisation theory, often saw gender issues
as unimportant. However, feminists have emphasised that gender is central to
development and underdevelopment.
Applying material from Item L and your knowledge, evaluate sociological views of gender
differences in the experience of development and underdevelopment.
[20 marks]](/img/JUN24_71922/JUN24_71922_18.webp)
![2 1
Read Item N below and answer the question that follows.
Item N
Some sociologists suggest the media have often presented stereotypical
representations of social classes. For example, working class people are often
represented negatively in comparison to other social classes. Marxists suggest the
ruling class use the media to present ideas that suit their interests.
However, others argue that new media platforms are being used to challenge
stereotypes presented by the mass media.
Applying material from Item N and your knowledge, evaluate sociological explanations of
the ways in which the media represent people from different social classes.
[20 marks]](/img/JUN24_71922/JUN24_71922_21.webp)
![2 4
Read Item P below and answer the question that follows.
Item P
For functionalists, social mobility shows that a society is open, and that people with the
right levels of talent and ability are allocated to appropriate occupational roles.
However, Marxists argue that those already high on the social scale are able to pass
on their advantages to their children, and that opportunities for upward mobility for
those lower down are limited.
Research suggests that social mobility in the UK has been low for the last 50 years.
Chances of social mobility are different for women compared to men, and some ethnic
groups have been more socially mobile than others.
Applying material from Item P and your knowledge, evaluate sociological explanations of
the significance of social mobility in the UK.
[20 marks]](/img/JUN24_71922/JUN24_71922_24.webp)
![0 4
Read Item B below and answer the question that follows.
Item B
Realists see crime as a real and growing problem for society and highlight the damage
crime causes to communities. Left realists argue that the causes of crime are structural
and that an unequal society produces feelings of relative deprivation and
marginalisation. They argue that one way to tackle crime is to reduce inequalities.
However, right realists take the view that crime is caused by rationally self-interested
individuals who choose to commit crime. Crime can be reduced by increasing the risks
of committing crime.
Applying material from Item B and your knowledge, evaluate the contributions of realist
explanations of crime.
[30 marks]
Extra space](/img/JUN24_71923/JUN24_71923_04.webp)
![0 6
Read Item C below and answer the question that follows.
Item C
Positivists argue that Sociology can be regarded as scientific. They argue that society
should be studied using the principles and procedures of the natural sciences. They
prefer the use of scientific methods to study people and look for cause and effect
relationships in helping to make predictions about human behaviour.
However, others argue that scientific methods are not always suitable for studying
human behaviour because people have consciousness and free will. There is also
disagreement about how science should be defined.
Applying material from Item C and your knowledge, evaluate the extent to which Sociology
can be regarded as scientific.
[20 marks]](/img/JUN24_71923/JUN24_71923_06.webp)
![0 5
Read Item A below and answer the question that follows.
Item A
There is a gap in educational achievement between girls and boys. This gap is present
in primary school and carries on through to university. Some sociologists see factors
outside of school as the main cause of gender differences in educational achievement.
One factor is the change in the roles of men and women in society. Girls now have a
wider range of female role models in society to aspire to than before.
Other sociologists suggest that factors inside the school, such as the presence of
laddish anti-school subcultures, may have a greater effect on gender differences in
educational achievement.
Applying material from Item A and your knowledge, evaluate the impact of external factors
on gender differences in educational achievement.
[20 marks]
Extra space](/img/JUN23_71911/JUN23_71911_05.webp)
![0 2
Evaluate the disadvantages of using covert observation in sociological research.
[16 marks]](/img/JUN23_71912/JUN23_71912_02.webp)
![0 7
Read Item A below and answer the question that follows.
Item A
Globalisation is now a significant feature of society. Some sociologists argue that the
impact of globalisation is to undermine the traditional sources of people’s national
identity and open up a range of choices for individuals.
Alternatively, other sociologists see the rise of nationalism as a reaction to the
perceived threat of globalisation.
Applying material from Item A and your knowledge, evaluate the impact of globalisation
on individuals’ national identity in the United Kingdom.
[20 marks]](/img/JUN23_71912/JUN23_71912_07.webp)
![1 2
Read Item B below and answer the question that follows.
Item B
In common with many Western societies, the United Kingdom has an ageing
population. Rising life expectancy and a relatively low birth rate has meant that the
average age of the population is rising. This can have a positive impact and provide an
opportunity to reconsider the role of older people in families and wider society.
However, others point to the impact on families and wider society of older people no
longer being in paid work.
Applying material from Item B and your knowledge, evaluate the impact of an ageing
population on families and wider society.
[20 marks]](/img/JUN23_71912/JUN23_71912_12.webp)
![1 7
Read Item C below and answer the question that follows.
Item C
Some sociologists argue that global pharmaceutical companies (‘big pharma’) have a
negative impact on patient wellbeing and society as a whole. They point to the general
medicalisation of aspects of social life as well as specific examples of negative
consequences of some drug treatments.
Supporters of global pharmaceutical companies point to the substantial advances in
medical knowledge that continue to be driven by these companies.
Applying material from Item C and your knowledge, evaluate the view that global
pharmaceutical companies have a negative impact on patient wellbeing and society as a
whole.
[20 marks]](/img/JUN23_71912/JUN23_71912_17.webp)
![2 2
Read Item D below and answer the question that follows.
Item D
Some sociologists argue that in industrial society technology is often used to control
workers. Recently this has been extended by the use of surveillance technology in the
workplace.
However, other sociologists argue that technology can liberate workers. Technology
can bring flexibility to the workplace and give workers control over their own work.
Applying material from Item D and your knowledge, evaluate the view that technology is
used to control workers.
[20 marks]](/img/JUN23_71912/JUN23_71912_22.webp)
![0 4
Read Item B below and answer the question that follows.
Item B
There are differences in patterns of educational achievement between groups of pupils.
These differences can be based on class, gender or ethnicity, or a combination of these.
Some sociologists argue that cultural factors are the main explanation for differences in
educational achievement. Differences in primary socialisation may mean that some
groups find it easier to engage with the culture of the school.
However, other sociologists argue that material factors, such as access to resources,
are also important.
Applying material from Item B and your knowledge, evaluate the importance of cultural
factors in explaining patterns of educational achievement.
[30 marks]
Extra space](/img/JUN23_71921/JUN23_71921_04.webp)
![0 3
Read Item B below and answer the question that follows.
Item B
Interactionists argue that an individual’s sense of self develops through social
interaction. The self is socially constructed through individuals actively interpreting the
social world around them and seeing themselves from the point of view of others.
Other sociologists argue that agencies of socialisation provide individuals with an
identity. For example, functionalists say that socialisation makes sure that people
internalise shared cultural values, leading to consensus and conformity.
Applying material from Item B and your knowledge, evaluate the extent to which the self
is socially constructed.
[20 marks]](/img/JUN23_71922/JUN23_71922_03.webp)
![0 6
Read Item D below and answer the question that follows.
Item D
Recent demographic changes in the UK include a declining birth rate, increased
immigration and an ageing population. Some sociologists, such as the New Right,
argue that these changes may have a negative impact on families and households as
they undermine the traditional nuclear family.
However, other sociologists, such as postmodernists, argue that these changes have
had a range of different impacts on families and households in the UK.
Applying material from Item D and your knowledge, evaluate sociological views on the
impact of demographic changes on families and households in the UK.
[20 marks]](/img/JUN23_71922/JUN23_71922_06.webp)
![0 9
Read Item F below and answer the question that follows.
Item F
Interactionists argue that mental illness is socially constructed. They suggest that
society applies a label of mental illness to people whose behaviours are seen as
deviant. Certain groups, such as medical professionals, have the power to impose a
label which may become the individual’s master status.
However, other sociologists argue that mental illness is caused by various factors such
as social deprivation and inequality.
Applying material from Item F and your knowledge, evaluate the view that mental illness
is socially constructed.
[20 marks]](/img/JUN23_71922/JUN23_71922_09.webp)
![1 2
Read Item H below and answer the question that follows.
Item H
Some sociologists suggest that poverty is the outcome of structural inequalities in
society. Certain social groups, such as women, are at greater risk of poverty than
other social groups. Marxists argue that capitalism leads to working-class poverty.
However, New Right sociologists argue that attitudes and behavioural differences are
the most important factors when explaining the distribution of poverty.
Applying material from Item H and your knowledge, evaluate sociological explanations for
the distribution of poverty between different social groups.
[20 marks]](/img/JUN23_71922/JUN23_71922_12.webp)
![1 5
Read Item J below and answer the question that follows.
Item J
There are different sociological explanations of the relationship between ethnicity and
religious beliefs and practices. Some sociologists argue that religion plays an
important part in the lives of many minority ethnic groups, providing a mechanism for
cultural defence and cultural transition.
However, other sociologists argue that there has been a decline in the importance of
religion for most ethnic groups.
Applying material from Item J and your knowledge, evaluate sociological explanations of
the relationship between ethnicity and religious beliefs and practices.
[20 marks]](/img/JUN23_71922/JUN23_71922_15.webp)
![1 8
Read Item L below and answer the question that follows.
Item L
Early theories of development and underdevelopment, such as modernisation theory
and dependency theory, tended to see development as economic growth measured by,
for example, Gross National Product and levels of poverty.
Others have argued that development should be seen as also involving a wider range
of changes, for example in health, gender equality and sustainability.
Applying material from Item L and your knowledge, evaluate the view that economic
measures alone do not give a satisfactory picture of development.
[20 marks]](/img/JUN23_71922/JUN23_71922_18.webp)
![2 1
Read Item N below and answer the question that follows.
Item N
Many feminist sociologists argue that gender representations in the media are shaped
by patriarchal ideology. This reflects the dominance of males in both the media and
wider society. Representations of both men and women are often based on
stereotypes which reinforce gender inequalities.
Other sociologists argue that gender stereotypes in the media help companies to make
a profit. Another view is that stereotypes are being replaced by more fluid and flexible
representations of gender, reflecting changes in society.
Applying material from Item N and your knowledge, evaluate sociological explanations of
the ways in which the media represent gender.
[20 marks]](/img/JUN23_71922/JUN23_71922_21.webp)
![2 4
Read Item P below and answer the question that follows.
Item P
Marxists argue that the basis of stratification in capitalist society is the division into two
social classes: the bourgeoisie who own the means of production and the proletariat
who have to sell their labour power. The difference in interests between these two
classes leads to class conflict, which affects all areas of life.
However, functionalists argue that stratification is necessary and beneficial. Others
argue that social class is less important, or that factors such as ethnicity or gender are
more important than social class.
Applying material from Item P and your knowledge, evaluate Marxist theories of
stratification.
[20 marks]](/img/JUN23_71922/JUN23_71922_24.webp)
![0 4
Read Item B below and answer the question that follows.
Item B
The increased interconnections across the globalised world have created new
opportunities for crime and also new types of crime. For example, the rise of new
technology has led to the development of cybercrime. Marxists argue that reduced
control over finance and corporations has led to increased insecurities, inequalities and
crime.
However, others have argued that globalisation has enabled more effective ways of
tackling crime. For example, states may cooperate in tackling international crimes such
as green crimes and human rights abuses.
Applying material from Item B and your knowledge, evaluate the view that globalisation
has led to increased levels of crime.
[30 marks]
Extra space](/img/JUN23_71923/JUN23_71923_04.webp)
![0 6
Read Item C below and answer the question that follows.
Item C
Feminists argue that society continues to be patriarchal. Radical feminists argue that
patriarchy is the most important organising principle in society and strongly
disadvantages women. Examples of this include the gender pay gap in employment as
well as the inequalities and oppression experienced in the private world of the family.
However, Marxists would argue that many feminists ignore the influence of capitalism as
an organising principle in determining inequalities and oppression in today’s society.
Applying material from Item C and your knowledge, evaluate the extent to which today’s
society can be seen as patriarchal.
[20 marks]](/img/JUN23_71923/JUN23_71923_06.webp)
![0 5
Read Item A below and answer the question that follows.
Item A
Social class differences can have an impact on pupil achievement. One way of trying to
reduce such differences is to put into place educational policies that directly focus on
reducing the gap in achievement between social classes. Some sociologists believe
that educational policies can change the level of support working-class students receive
in education. They think educational policies like “pupil premium” and compensatory
education can effectively reduce class inequalities in educational achievement.
Other sociologists see social class differences in educational achievement as a
reflection of wider inequalities between classes. They believe that educational policies
are only likely to have a temporary short-term effect.
Applying material from Item A and your knowledge, evaluate the view that government
educational policies are effective in reducing social class inequalities in education.
[20 marks]
Extra space](/img/JUN22_71911/JUN22_71911_05.webp)
![0 2
Evaluate the disadvantages of using personal documents in sociological research.
[16 marks]](/img/JUN22_71912/JUN22_71912_02.webp)
![0 7
Read Item A below and answer the question that follows.
Item A
Functionalists believe that the socialisation process benefits all members of society.
Social institutions shape individuals and transmit the culture of society. From a
functionalist perspective, the role of the socialisation process is to integrate individuals
into society as a whole.
Other sociologists are critical of this view of the socialisation process. For example,
social action approaches place more emphasis on the way individuals create their own
identity through interaction with others.
Applying material from Item A and your knowledge, evaluate the functionalist view of the
role of the socialisation process.
[20 marks]](/img/JUN22_71912/JUN22_71912_07.webp)
![1 2
Read Item B below and answer the question that follows.
Item B
Some sociologists argue that personal relationships now take on so many different
forms that traditional families are no longer the centre of peoples’ personal lives. The
friends we choose are an increasingly important source of personal relationships.
Furthermore, there is no longer such a thing as a typical family.
Other sociologists argue that these changes are exaggerated and that many aspects of
traditional families continue to be important for people.
Applying material from Item B and your knowledge, evaluate the view that traditional
families are no longer the centre of peoples’ personal lives.
[20 marks]](/img/JUN22_71912/JUN22_71912_12.webp)
![1 7
Read Item C below and answer the question that follows.
Item C
Structuralist sociologists argue that mental illness is a real condition. They explain the
distribution of mental illness in relation to the structure of society. They point to social
patterns of mental illness based on social class, gender and ethnicity.
However, some interactionist sociologists argue that mental illness is a social
construction. They look at the reasons why certain forms of behaviour are seen as
mental illness.
Applying material from Item C and your knowledge, evaluate the view that mental illness
is a result of the structure of society.
[20 marks]](/img/JUN22_71912/JUN22_71912_17.webp)
![2 2
Read Item D below and answer the question that follows.
Item D
For most adults, work is an important source of status and identity. It also has a major
effect on the free time people have and on the money that they have to spend.
However, postmodernists argue that work is becoming less significant. They argue
that consumption is a more important source of identity. Moreover, work itself is
changing, for example there are more part time and temporary work arrangements, so
making it less central to people’s lives.
Applying material from Item D and your knowledge, evaluate the significance of work for
people’s lives and life chances.
[20 marks]](/img/JUN22_71912/JUN22_71912_22.webp)
![0 4
Read Item B below and answer the question that follows.
Item B
Since the introduction of marketisation policies to education, over 30 years ago,
competition has grown between increasingly diverse types of schools. New Right
theorists argue that every parent is free to choose the best school for their child. They
also claim that this efficiently drives up standards and ensures that schools are
responsive to the needs of parents and pupils.
However, some sociologists argue that there are limits to these choices. They also
argue that marketisation policies may reinforce existing inequalities in educational
achievement.
Applying material from Item B and your knowledge, evaluate the view that marketisation
policies have increased diversity and choice in the education system.
[30 marks]
Extra space](/img/JUN22_71921/JUN22_71921_04.webp)
![0 3
Read Item B below and answer the question that follows.
Item B
Subcultures are groups within a society whose lifestyle, attitudes and values are
different to some extent from those in wider society. Subcultures can be based on
gender, ethnicity, taste or other factors.
Youth subcultures, for example, are seen by functionalists as giving young people
ways to cope with the transition to adulthood. However, they are seen by other
sociologists as expressing resistance against the dominant culture.
Applying material from Item B and your knowledge, evaluate sociological explanations of
subcultures.
[20 marks]](/img/JUN22_71922/JUN22_71922_03.webp)
![0 6
Read Item D below and answer the question that follows.
Item D
Marxist sociologists argue that families continue to perform a key role in maintaining
capitalism. Families support the economy and play an important part in transmitting
ideology that helps to legitimise the capitalist system.
However, some sociologists argue that Marxists place too much importance on the role
of families in supporting capitalism and that families are beneficial to individuals and
society as a whole.
Applying material from Item D and your knowledge, evaluate Marxist explanations of the
role of families in society today.
[20 marks]](/img/JUN22_71922/JUN22_71922_06.webp)
![0 9
Read Item F below and answer the question that follows.
Item F
Functionalists argue that health professionals perform an important role in helping
society remain stable. They also suggest that health professionals, such as doctors,
possess the expert knowledge to diagnose and provide treatment in the interests of
patients.
Other sociologists argue that functionalists fail to consider that health professionals
may operate in the interests of powerful groups.
Applying material from Item F and your knowledge, evaluate the functionalist view of the
role of health professionals.
[20 marks]](/img/JUN22_71922/JUN22_71922_09.webp)
![1 2
Read Item H below and answer the question that follows.
Item H
Some sociologists suggest poverty exists because of structural factors. This means
the organisation of society creates inequality. For example, Marxist sociologists argue
that governments often operate in the interests of the wealthy by protecting private
property and failing to provide support to those living in poverty.
Other sociologists suggest that it is the attitudes and behaviour of individuals that lead
to poverty.
Applying material from Item H and your knowledge, evaluate the view that poverty is
caused by structural factors.
[20 marks]](/img/JUN22_71922/JUN22_71922_12.webp)
![1 5
Read Item J below and answer the question that follows.
Item J
Defining religious belief and practice often creates problems. Some sociologists argue
that religion should be defined in terms of its belief in a higher power. However, others
argue that it should instead be defined in terms of the social role the belief system
plays.
Measuring religious belief and practice can also pose problems. Whilst many
individuals may claim to hold religious beliefs, the way they practise these beliefs may
be difficult for sociologists to measure.
Applying material from Item J and your knowledge, evaluate the problems that
sociologists may face when defining and measuring religious belief and practice.
[20 marks]](/img/JUN22_71922/JUN22_71922_15.webp)
![1 8
Read Item L below and answer the question that follows.
Item L
Early theorists of development assumed that industrialisation and economic growth
were essential. They paid little attention to the possible environmental impacts of
development.
Today, there is much greater concern about the environment. Some sociologists argue
that development can and should be sustainable so that there is less impact on the
environment.
Applying material from Item L and your knowledge, evaluate sociological explanations of
the relationship between development and the environment.
[20 marks]](/img/JUN22_71922/JUN22_71922_18.webp)
![2 1
Read Item N below and answer the question that follows.
Item N
The growth of new media in contemporary society has led some sociologists to
reconsider some of the issues they study, such as the relationship between the media
and their audiences and the importance of ownership and control of the media. They
argue that new explanations are needed because new media are different from old
media, such as television and newspapers.
However, others argue that the early theories about old media, such as pluralism and
Marxism, can also be applied to new media.
Applying material from Item N and your knowledge, evaluate the usefulness of early
media theories in explaining the role of the new media in contemporary society.
[20 marks]](/img/JUN22_71922/JUN22_71922_21.webp)
![2 4
Read Item P below and answer the question that follows.
Item P
Functionalists argue that stratification exists because it is necessary for social order.
Members of society share a value consensus which means that they accept
stratification as good for society.
However, other sociologists argue that stratification is neither necessary nor beneficial.
It creates inequality, is unfair and can lead to conflict.
Applying material from Item P and your knowledge, evaluate functionalist explanations of
stratification.
[20 marks]](/img/JUN22_71922/JUN22_71922_24.webp)
![0 4
Read Item B below and answer the question that follows.
Item B
Functionalists argue that crime and deviance are inevitable as not everyone can be
fully integrated into the norms and values of society. They believe that crime exists in
all societies and has many benefits, such as showing people the difference between
right and wrong.
However, other sociologists, such as conflict theorists, are more critical of the view
that crime and deviance are beneficial for all individuals and for society as a whole.
For example, the construction of crime could be seen to serve the interests of
powerful groups.
Applying material from Item B and your knowledge, evaluate the view that crime and
deviance are inevitable and beneficial for individuals and for society as a whole.
[30 marks]
Extra space](/img/JUN22_71923/JUN22_71923_04.webp)
![0 6
Read Item C below and answer the question that follows.
Item C
Social action theorists take a micro-level approach in focusing on an individual’s free
will and choice of behaviour. These theorists believe it is important to examine how
people interact with others and seek to understand the meanings behind why people
behave as they do.
However, structural theorists are critical of social action theories. They argue that
sociologists should examine the structural power differences between groups and
individuals, which control people’s behaviour.
Applying material from Item C and your knowledge, evaluate the usefulness of social
action theories in explaining human behaviour.
[20 marks]](/img/JUN22_71923/JUN22_71923_06.webp)
![0 4
Read Item B below and answer the question that follows.
Item B
Some sociologists, such as functionalists, claim that the education system is based on
meritocratic principles and provides all pupils with the opportunity to succeed. Pupils,
whatever their background, are objectively assessed through the examination process.
Other sociologists claim that meritocracy is a myth. The education system ensures that
existing social inequalities are reproduced in each generation.
Applying material from Item B and your knowledge, evaluate the view that the education
system is meritocratic.
[30 marks]
Extra space](/img/NOV21_71921/NOV21_71921_04.webp)
![0 3
Read Item B below and answer the question that follows.
Item B
Globalisation involves greater connections between different parts of the world, and
these have made people more aware of how others live. This may help people create
new identities, for example by using social media.
Some sociologists argue that this weakens the strong sense of identity that many
people used to have, for example based on family and community. Other sociologists
point out that not everyone can afford to be part of a global culture based on
consumerism, brands and fashions.
Applying material from Item B and your knowledge, evaluate the view that globalisation is
increasingly shaping people's identities.
[20 marks]](/img/NOV21_71922/NOV21_71922_03.webp)
![0 6
Read Item D below and answer the question that follows.
Item D
Despite many changes in society, some feminist sociologists argue that gender roles
and relationships within the family remain unequal. Women still take responsibility for
housework and childcare, and men still dominate in terms of power and financial
control.
However, other sociologists argue that there is evidence that gender roles and
relationships are becoming more equal. For example, men now take on a more
domestic role.
Applying material from Item D and your knowledge, evaluate the view that gender roles
and relationships within the family are still unequal in society today.
[20 marks]](/img/NOV21_71922/NOV21_71922_06.webp)
![0 9
Read Item F below and answer the question that follows.
Item F
Some ethnic groups in the UK are at a greater risk of illness and early death than
others. There are various explanations for these differences. Many sociologists
believe language barriers and cultural values are the main causes of inequalities in
health and illness between ethnic groups.
However, other sociologists suggest the differences between ethnic groups are a
consequence of racism in society or of their positions in the class structure.
Applying material from Item F and your knowledge, evaluate sociological explanations of
differences in health and illness between ethnic groups in the UK.
[20 marks]](/img/NOV21_71922/NOV21_71922_09.webp)
![1 2
Read Item H below and answer the question that follows.
Item H
The welfare state was created to improve the lives and life chances of people in the
UK. It has provided significant support to disadvantaged groups such as the poor. For
example, various welfare state policies have been implemented to assist with housing
and employment.
New Right sociologists argue that people may become dependent on welfare support if
it is too generous. Other sociologists argue that welfare state policies have not
reduced poverty in the UK.
Applying material from Item H and your knowledge, evaluate the impact of welfare state
policies on reducing poverty in the UK.
[20 marks]](/img/NOV21_71922/NOV21_71922_12.webp)
![1 5
Read Item J below and answer the question that follows.
Item J
Secularisation is the declining importance of religion. Some sociologists argue that
within the UK, religious beliefs and organisations are losing significance. Fewer people
are attending churches than ever before and there are smaller numbers of religious
ceremonies such as weddings.
However, others argue that religion is not losing importance. This only appears to be
the case because the way people interact with religion is changing over time.
Applying material from Item J and your knowledge, evaluate the view that the UK is
becoming increasingly secular.
[20 marks]](/img/NOV21_71922/NOV21_71922_15.webp)
![1 8
Read Item L below and answer the question that follows.
Item L
According to modernisation theorists, undeveloped countries should try to copy what
today’s developed countries did in the past. This will allow them to achieve economic
growth and ‘take off’ to a modernised economy and society.
However, others argue that this will lead to underdeveloped countries being unable to
escape from poverty.
Applying material from Item L and your knowledge, evaluate modernisation theory
explanations of development.
[20 marks]](/img/NOV21_71922/NOV21_71922_18.webp)
![2 1
Read Item N below and answer the question that follows.
Item N
Marxist sociologists argue that the concentration of media ownership gives the owners
considerable power including the ability to manipulate opinions. The growth of new
media raises further concerns about the importance of ownership and control of the
media.
Other sociologists argue that to remain profitable, the media have to produce what their
audiences want. They also argue that the media carry a wider range of opinions than
Marxists recognise.
Applying material from Item N and your knowledge, evaluate Marxist views of the
relationship between ownership and control of the media.
[20 marks]](/img/NOV21_71922/NOV21_71922_21.webp)
![2 4
Read Item P below and answer the question that follows.
Item P
Some sociologists argue that in this period of rapid change, age is an increasingly
important dimension of inequality. For example, there are generation gaps in
economic opportunities and in values and attitudes. There is also ageism, which affects
both young and old people.
However, many sociologists still see social class, gender and ethnicity as the most
important dimensions of inequality.
Applying material from Item P and your knowledge, evaluate the view that age is an
increasingly important dimension of inequality.
[20 marks]](/img/NOV21_71922/NOV21_71922_24.webp)
![0 4
Read Item B below and answer the question that follows.
Item B
Official crime statistics indicate that people from some minority ethnic groups are more
likely to be arrested for and convicted of crime than the white ethnic majority. For
example, Black people are more likely to be stopped and searched by the police. They
are also more likely to be arrested and convicted of crimes or sent to prison.
One view is that differences in crime rates between ethnic groups are the result of the
way the criminal justice system labels and criminalises some minority ethnic groups.
Others argue that there are real differences in criminality. For example, Left Realists
highlight issues such as relative deprivation as a cause of crime and Right Realists
argue there is a lack of social control in some groups.
Applying material from Item B and your knowledge, evaluate the view that differences in
crime rates between ethnic groups are mainly the result of the way the criminal justice
system operates.
[30 marks]
Extra space](/img/NOV21_71923/NOV21_71923_04.webp)
![0 6
Read Item C below and answer the question that follows.
Item C
Before they begin research, sociologists have to make choices about which research
methods to use. Positivists favour methods that are more likely to generate
quantitative data as they want to discover laws of human behaviour. Others prefer
methods that enable a sociologist to gain a deeper understanding of why people
behave in certain ways.
Alternatively, it could be argued that practical and ethical factors are more important
influences on a sociologist’s choice of research method.
Applying material from Item C and your knowledge, evaluate the view that theoretical
factors are the most important influence on a sociologist’s choice of research method.
[20 marks]](/img/NOV21_71923/NOV21_71923_06.webp)
![0 5
Read Item A below and answer the question that follows.
Item A
From a functionalist perspective, one role of the education system is to help create a
value consensus. Functionalists also believe education contributes to role allocation in
a variety of ways, for example through the use of examinations and assessments.
However, other sociologists are critical of the functionalist approach to the education
system. For example, Marxists and feminists would challenge the idea that the
education system is meritocratic.
Applying material from Item A and your knowledge, evaluate the functionalist approach to
the education system.
[20 marks]
Extra space](/img/NOV20_71911/NOV20_71911_05.webp)
![0 2
Evaluate the disadvantages of using self-completion questionnaires in sociological
research.
[16 marks]](/img/NOV20_71912/NOV20_71912_02.webp)
![0 7
Read Item A below and answer the question that follows.
Item A
Social action or symbolic interactionist sociologists argue that individuals develop a
self-concept which has an important influence on the way they behave. This self-
concept or sense of identity is developed through interactions with other people.
These approaches recognise that individuals have some choice and control over their
identity.
However, other sociologists emphasise the importance of social institutions, rather than
interactions with others, as the key factor in shaping identity.
Applying material from Item A and your knowledge, evaluate the view that interactions
with others is the key factor in shaping identity.
[20 marks]](/img/NOV20_71912/NOV20_71912_07.webp)
![1 2
Read Item B below and answer the question that follows.
Item B
Some sociologists suggest that increased participation by women in the labour market
and changing attitudes to gender roles have led to more equality in modern family life.
Couples are free to choose roles and identities based on personal choice.
However, feminists argue that inequalities of power and control continue to exist, and
oppose the view that gender roles and relationships have become more equal in
modern family life.
Applying material from Item B and your knowledge, evaluate the view that gender roles
and relationships have become more equal in modern family life.
[20 marks]](/img/NOV20_71912/NOV20_71912_12.webp)
![1 7
Read Item C below and answer the question that follows.
Item C
There are gender differences in patterns of mortality and morbidity. Some sociologists
have explained these different health chances by focusing on male and female gender
roles. They suggest that the social expectations of men and women help produce
these patterns.
However, other sociologists suggest that social class in combination with gender is the
main determining factor in explaining the differences in health chances.
Applying material from Item C and your knowledge, evaluate sociological explanations for
gender differences in health chances.
[20 marks]](/img/NOV20_71912/NOV20_71912_17.webp)
![2 2
Read Item D below and answer the question that follows.
Item D
Some writers argue that individuals are responsible for their own poverty. The poor
share a set of norms and values that make it more likely for an individual to experience
poverty. This culture of poverty may be passed on from one generation to the next.
Others argue that poverty is a result of structural factors, rather than being caused by
the attitudes of the poor themselves.
Applying material from Item D and your knowledge, evaluate the view that poverty is
caused by the attitudes of the poor themselves.
[20 marks]](/img/NOV20_71912/NOV20_71912_22.webp)
![0 4
Read Item B below and answer the question that follows.
Item B
The patterns of educational achievement by gender have changed over time. Some
sociologists explain these patterns through factors external to schools, such as
socialisation and parental attitudes towards education. Changes in wider society, such
as employment opportunities, may also contribute to these patterns.
However, the way schools are organised and the social interactions that take place
within schools are also likely to affect gender differences in educational achievement.
Applying material from Item B and your knowledge, evaluate sociological explanations of
gender differences in educational achievement.
[30 marks]
Extra space](/img/NOV20_71921/NOV20_71921_04.webp)
![0 3
Read Item B below and answer the question that follows.
Item B
Feminist sociologists often emphasise the ways in which the socialisation process
encourages people to conform to hegemonic masculine and feminine identities that
reinforce patriarchy.
However, other sociologists have argued that people actively construct their gender
identities, and that gender identities have become much more fluid.
Applying material from Item B and your knowledge, evaluate feminist views of the extent
to which the socialisation process reinforces patriarchy.
[20 marks]](/img/NOV20_71922/NOV20_71922_03.webp)
![0 6
Read Item D below and answer the question that follows.
Item D
Some sociologists argue that UK society has become more child-centred. Children
today are more privileged than they have ever been. There are a large range of laws
and policies in place to protect them and there is an increasing emphasis now placed
on children’s rights.
However, other sociologists argue that the extent of child-centredness is exaggerated,
and that childhood can be a negative experience for some children.
Applying material from Item D and your knowledge, evaluate the view that UK society
has become more child-centred.
[20 marks]](/img/NOV20_71922/NOV20_71922_06.webp)
![0 9
Read Item F below and answer the question that follows.
Item F
Rates of mental illness vary between different social groups, such as those based on
social class, gender and ethnicity. Some explanations of mental illness point to social
issues such as racism, sexism, poor housing and poverty as contributing factors.
Others argue that mental illness is a label applied to deviant behaviour. Mental illness
is socially constructed through interpretations made by others.
Applying material from Item F and your knowledge, evaluate sociological explanations of
the differences in rates of mental illness between social groups.
[20 marks]](/img/NOV20_71922/NOV20_71922_09.webp)
![1 2
Read Item H below and answer the question that follows.
Item H
Worklessness affects retired people and those unable to work as well as unemployed
people. People without work are more likely to be disadvantaged than those in work.
They are excluded from some aspects of social life and their life chances are
diminished. There are others who do not work because they have sufficient wealth.
However, some sociologists argue that work is now less important as a source of
identity and that worklessness has become less significant.
Applying material from Item H and your knowledge, evaluate sociological explanations of
the effects of worklessness on people’s lives and life chances.
[20 marks]](/img/NOV20_71922/NOV20_71922_12.webp)
![1 5
Read Item J below and answer the question that follows.
Item J
Some sociologists argue that religion acts as a force for social change. It can be used
to challenge mainstream beliefs and values, and inspire protest against the existing
social order.
However, other sociologists suggest that the relationship between religion and social
change is not straightforward and that religion can even prevent social change.
Applying material from Item J and your knowledge, evaluate the view that religion acts as
a force for social change.
[20 marks]](/img/NOV20_71922/NOV20_71922_15.webp)
![1 8
Read Item L below and answer the question that follows.
Item L
According to some sociologists, aid is essential for development because it helps
countries reach take-off and industrialise.
However, other sociologists are critical of aid and point out that many countries
receiving aid have made little progress. Others argue that the real purpose of aid is to
ensure a free market system that creates underdevelopment.
Applying material from Item L and your knowledge, evaluate the view that aid is essential
for development.
[20 marks]](/img/NOV20_71922/NOV20_71922_18.webp)
![2 1
Read Item N below and answer the question that follows.
Item N
Some sociologists argue that audiences control media content through their choices as
consumers. They claim that competition between media for audiences means that
owners and companies have limited power over content.
However, other sociologists argue that those who own and work in the media control
the content. This means that the content can be biased and reflect dominant
ideologies.
Applying material from Item N and your knowledge, evaluate the view that the media
reflect the views of their audiences.
[20 marks]](/img/NOV20_71922/NOV20_71922_21.webp)
![2 4
Read Item P below and answer the question that follows.
Item P
Feminist sociologists argue that gender is the most important dimension of inequality
today. This is despite some improvements in the social position of women.
However, other sociologists see gender inequalities as natural and inevitable, or argue
that other dimensions of inequality are more important.
Applying material from Item P and your knowledge, evaluate the view that gender is the
most important dimension of inequality today.
[20 marks]](/img/NOV20_71922/NOV20_71922_24.webp)
![0 4
Read Item B below and answer the question that follows.
Item B
Official statistics show that the majority of convicted offenders come from deprived
areas. Convicted offenders are more likely to be unemployed and have limited
educational qualifications. Crimes of the powerful are less likely to appear in the
statistics.
Functionalists argue that social class differences in offending is a result of the
working class having fewer opportunities to achieve mainstream goals. Other
sociologists argue that the differences are due to selective law creation and
enforcement.
Applying material from Item B and your knowledge, evaluate sociological explanations of
the relationship between social class and offending.
[30 marks]
Extra space](/img/NOV20_71923/NOV20_71923_04.webp)
![0 6
Read Item C below and answer the question that follows.
Item C
Postmodernists believe we have entered a new type of society, which is
characterised by consumption, diversity, choice and globalisation. Furthermore,
postmodernists argue that metanarratives are less useful for explaining how society
works today.
However, Marxists and others are particularly critical of the view that we have entered
a new type of society.
Applying material from Item C and your knowledge, evaluate the view that society today
should be described as postmodern.
[20 marks]](/img/NOV20_71923/NOV20_71923_06.webp)
![0 5
Read Item A below and answer the question that follows.
Item A
At all stages of school life, there are social class differences in achievement. Some
sociologists see in-school factors, such as labelling, as the main cause of these
differences. A child’s social class may influence how they experience school and how
they are viewed by the school.
as material and cultural differences in the home, may be more important.
Applying material from Item A and your knowledge, evaluate the view that labelling and
other in-school factors are the main cause of social class differences in educational
achievement.
[20 marks]
Extra space](/img/JUN19_71911/JUN19_71911_05.webp)
![0 2
Evaluate the importance of ethical issues in the choice of methods for sociological
research.
[16 marks]](/img/JUN19_71912/JUN19_71912_02.webp)
![0 7
Read Item A below and answer the question that follows.
Item A
Biology clearly influences the way that society divides people of all ages. Different age
groups also experience many aspects of life in different ways, such as work, leisure
and personal relationships.
However, some sociologists argue that other factors, such as gender and ethnicity, are
more important in shaping our identity.
Applying material from Item A and your knowledge, evaluate sociological explanations of
the ways in which age may shape social identity.
[20 marks]](/img/JUN19_71912/JUN19_71912_07.webp)
![1 2
Read Item B below and answer the question that follows.
Item B
In recent years the UK has moved to a more diverse pattern of family arrangements.
Some sociologists would suggest that the changes in household structures and
relationships show that the traditional family has declined. For example,
postmodernists would argue that there is now more individual choice about
relationships.
However, other sociologists argue that these changes have been exaggerated.
Applying material from Item B and your knowledge, evaluate the view that the growth of
diversity has led to a decline in the importance of the traditional nuclear family unit.
[20 marks]](/img/JUN19_71912/JUN19_71912_12.webp)
![1 7
Read Item C below and answer the question that follows.
Item C
Research has shown that there are important differences in health chances based on
ethnicity. This may be due to a range of factors which include material and cultural
differences as well as racism and discrimination.
However, some sociologists argue that factors such as class, gender and age are also
important in shaping health chances. There are significant differences in health
chances within a range of minority ethnic groups.
Applying material from Item C and your knowledge, evaluate sociological explanations for
ethnic differences in health chances.
[20 marks]](/img/JUN19_71912/JUN19_71912_17.webp)
![2 2
Read Item D below and answer the question that follows.
Item D
Marxist sociologists argue that poverty is related to the way capitalist societies are
organised. The distribution of resources in society is determined by the class structure.
However, the New Right believe poverty is related to individual choices and cultural
attitudes. Others may point out that gender, ethnicity and age are also significant
factors in causing poverty.
Applying material from Item D and your knowledge, evaluate the view that poverty and
inequality are caused by the class structure of society.
[20 marks]](/img/JUN19_71912/JUN19_71912_22.webp)
![0 4
Read Item B below and answer the question that follows.
Item B
All levels of the education system show differences in achievement between ethnic
groups. When explaining these patterns, some sociologists focus on the role of the
home and family life in promoting educational achievement for some ethnic groups.
However, other sociologists suggest that factors within schools are more important in
explaining differences in achievement between ethnic groups.
Applying material from Item B and your knowledge, evaluate sociological explanations of
differences in educational achievement between ethnic groups.
[30 marks]
Extra space](/img/JUN19_71921/JUN19_71921_04.webp)
![0 3
Read Item B below and answer the question that follows.
Item B
Marxist sociologists argue that mass culture makes people passive consumers and
undermines their ability to think critically about society. Marxists also say that cultural
industries make products for profit rather than for their merit.
Other sociologists prefer to use the term popular culture, rather than mass culture,
because this suggests diversity and choice.
Applying material from Item B and your knowledge, evaluate sociological contributions to
the understanding of mass culture.
[20 marks]](/img/JUN19_71922/JUN19_71922_03.webp)
![0 6
Read Item D below and answer the question that follows.
Item D
Feminist sociologists emphasise the harmful effects of the conventional nuclear family
on women. They see it as playing a role in the continuing oppression of women. This is
evident in areas such as domestic violence, paid employment and power.
Other sociologists reject this negative view of the family and argue that it is essential
for society.
Applying material from Item D and your knowledge, evaluate feminist explanations of the
role of the family in society today.
[20 marks]](/img/JUN19_71922/JUN19_71922_06.webp)
![0 9
Read Item F below and answer the question that follows.
Item F
There are gender differences in people’s experiences of both health chances and
health care. Some feminist sociologists explain these by referring to women’s position
in society and the patriarchal nature of mainstream medicine.
However, women’s death rates at all ages are lower than men’s.
Applying material from Item F and your knowledge, evaluate sociological explanations of
gender differences in both health chances and health care.
[20 marks]](/img/JUN19_71922/JUN19_71922_09.webp)
![1 2
Read Item H below and answer the question that follows.
Item H
Some sociologists suggest that technology has had a negative impact on workers in
the labour process. For example, Marxists argue that mass-production assembly lines
have led to the deskilling of work and greater managerial control over workers.
However, critics of the Marxist view argue that it is outdated and point to the positive
impacts of technology on the experience of work.
Applying material from Item H and your knowledge, evaluate sociological explanations of
the impact of technology on the labour process.
[20 marks]](/img/JUN19_71922/JUN19_71922_12.webp)
![1 5
Read Item J below and answer the question that follows.
Item J
There are differences between women and men in levels of religious belief and
participation in religious activities. Feminist sociologists focus on women’s
subordination to men and see religion and religious organisations as playing a part in
maintaining patriarchal society.
However, despite this, women appear to be more religious than men.
Applying material from Item J and your knowledge, evaluate sociological explanations of
the relationship between gender and religious beliefs and practices.
[20 marks]](/img/JUN19_71922/JUN19_71922_15.webp)
![1 8
Read Item L below and answer the question that follows.
Item L
Globalisation has involved an increase in the number, size and importance of
transnational corporations (TNCs). Modernisation theorists and neo-liberals see these
corporations as essential for development because they spread capitalism and
Western values that lead to economic growth.
However, other sociologists argue that TNCs are an important part of a global system
that prevents poorer countries developing.
Applying material from Item L and your knowledge, evaluate sociological explanations of
the role of transnational corporations in development.
[20 marks]](/img/JUN19_71922/JUN19_71922_18.webp)
![2 1
Read Item N below and answer the question that follows.
Item N
Sociological research has outlined various ways in which the news is socially
constructed. Marxists argue that both the selection and the presentation of news are
inevitably biased and reflect the interests of powerful groups.
However, other sociologists argue that media personnel are professionals and that
news-gathering is a fairly objective process.
Applying material from Item N and your knowledge, evaluate the view that both the
selection and the presentation of the news are ideologically biased.
[20 marks]](/img/JUN19_71922/JUN19_71922_21.webp)
![2 4
Read Item P below and answer the question that follows.
Item P
Marxist sociologists argue that social class is the dominant factor in determining
people’s life chances. They say that there are still significant differences between
social classes.
However, other sociologists have argued that social class is no longer as important as
it was, and that other factors, such as gender and ethnicity, are now more important.
Applying material from Item P and your knowledge, evaluate the view that social class is
still the dominant factor in determining people’s life chances today.
[20 marks]](/img/JUN19_71922/JUN19_71922_24.webp)
![0 4
Read Item B below and answer the question that follows.
Item B
Some sociologists explain levels of offending by girls and women in terms of their
socialisation or their position in patriarchal society. For example, one feminist sociologist
argues that the weakening of patriarchy has led to an increase in female offending.
However, other sociologists focus on the ways in which the police and courts treat
females, as well as on the impact of media stereotypes of female offending.
Applying material from Item B and your knowledge, evaluate sociological explanations of
levels of female offending.
[30 marks]
Extra space](/img/JUN19_71923/JUN19_71923_04.webp)
![0 6
Read Item C below and answer the question that follows.
Item C
Marxist sociologists see capitalism as based on class inequality and the exploitation of
the proletariat. They argue that all social institutions help to maintain capitalist society.
However, in the Marxist view, the proletariat will ultimately overthrow capitalism and
create a classless society.
Critics argue that the traditional Marxist view of society is outdated.
Applying material from Item C and your knowledge, evaluate the contribution of Marxist
approaches to understanding today’s society.
[20 marks]](/img/JUN19_71923/JUN19_71923_06.webp)
![0 5
Read Item A below and answer the question that follows.
Item A
There are significant ethnic differences in educational achievement. Some sociologists
education, are important in explaining these differences. Variations in family and
community life may also play a part.
However, other sociologists argue that experiences within school are more important
influences on the educational achievement of different ethnic groups.
Applying material from Item A and your knowledge, evaluate the view that ethnic
system.
[20 marks]
Extra space](/img/JUN18_71911/JUN18_71911_05.webp)
![0 2
Evaluate the disadvantages of using qualitative methods in sociological research.
[16 marks]](/img/JUN18_71912/JUN18_71912_02.webp)
![0 7
Read Item A below and answer the question that follows.
Item A
From a Marxist perspective, the role of the socialisation process is to make sure that
people accept the beliefs and values of the dominant class. All agencies of
socialisation play a part in promoting these beliefs and values.
However, some sociologists argue that socialisation benefits society as a whole.
Applying material from Item A and your knowledge, evaluate the Marxist view of the role
of the socialisation process.
[20 marks]](/img/JUN18_71912/JUN18_71912_07.webp)
![1 2
Read Item B below and answer the question that follows.
Item B
From a functionalist perspective, government policies and laws support families in
performing their functions. For example, the provision of welfare services by the state.
However, from a New Right perspective, legislation such as changes to divorce laws
have undermined the traditional role of the family.
Applying material from Item B and your knowledge, evaluate sociological views on the
impact of government policies and laws on the role of the family.
[20 marks]](/img/JUN18_71912/JUN18_71912_12.webp)
![1 7
Read Item C below and answer the question that follows.
Item C
Feminists argue that the medical profession and the biomedical model of health serve
the interests of patriarchy. They argue that women’s views and women’s interests are
often marginalised by modern medical practice.
However, some sociologists argue that modern medicine serves the interests of society
as a whole.
Applying material from Item C and your knowledge, evaluate the view that modern
medicine serves the interests of patriarchy.
[20 marks]](/img/JUN18_71912/JUN18_71912_17.webp)
![2 2
Read Item D below and answer the question that follows.
Item D
The distribution of poverty among different social groups in the United Kingdom
population is complex. Certain social groups are at greater risk of poverty than others.
Some sociologists would argue that type of family and unemployment are important
causes of poverty.
Applying material from Item D and your knowledge, evaluate sociological explanations for
the distribution of poverty among different social groups in the United Kingdom.
[20 marks]](/img/JUN18_71912/JUN18_71912_22.webp)
![0 4
Read Item B below and answer the question that follows.
Item B
Social class differences in achievement are found at all stages of the education system
and sociologists have put forward several explanations for these differences. Some
sociologists focus on factors outside school, such as the material circumstances of
pupils’ families or the ways in which parents socialise their children. Other sociologists
see factors internal to the education system itself as responsible.
However, it can be argued that it is the interaction between these external and internal
factors that produces class differences in educational achievement.
Applying material from Item B and your knowledge, evaluate sociological explanations of
social class differences in educational achievement.
[30 marks]
Extra space](/img/JUN18_71921/JUN18_71921_04.webp)
![0 3
Read Item B below and answer the question that follows.
Item B
From a Marxist perspective, the role of the socialisation process is to persuade people
to accept the beliefs and values of the dominant class. All the agencies of socialisation
play a part in the promotion of these beliefs and values.
However, other sociologists argue that socialisation benefits society as a whole.
Applying material from Item B and your knowledge, evaluate the Marxist view of the role
of the socialisation process.
[20 marks]](/img/JUN18_71922/JUN18_71922_03.webp)
![0 6
Read Item D below and answer the question that follows.
Item D
Postmodernist sociologists argue that individual choice is now more important to people
than their responsibilities to their family. As a result, people are choosing to live in a
variety of different ways and the idea of family is more difficult to define.
However, other sociologists argue that postmodernists overestimate the extent of
change in family life.
Applying material from Item D and your knowledge, evaluate the view that individual
choice in personal relationships has made family life less important in the United
Kingdom today.
[20 marks]](/img/JUN18_71922/JUN18_71922_06.webp)
![0 9
Read Item F below and answer the question that follows.
Item F
Statistics show that there are considerable differences in health chances between
social classes. Sociologists have put forward a range of explanations for these
differences. One view is that these differences in health chances are mainly the result
of cultural factors such as attitudes to risk and values relating to diet and exercise.
However, other sociologists argue that material factors are more important.
Applying material from Item F and your knowledge, evaluate the view that social class
differences in health chances are the result of cultural factors.
[20 marks]](/img/JUN18_71922/JUN18_71922_09.webp)
![1 2
Read Item H below and answer the question that follows.
Item H
A mixed economy of welfare provision involves the private, informal and voluntary
sectors as well as the state sector. Supporters of the mixed economy approach argue
that the needs of the population are best met by having a number of different welfare
providers. For example, family and friends may be able to offer more personalised
care.
However, some critics argue that a mixed economy of welfare provision exploits the
labour of informal carers.
Applying material from Item H and your knowledge, evaluate the claim that a mixed
economy of welfare provision is the most effective way of meeting the needs of the
population.
[20 marks]](/img/JUN18_71922/JUN18_71922_12.webp)
![1 5
Read Item J below and answer the question that follows.
Item J
Postmodernists argue that there has been an increase in spirituality in the United
Kingdom. For example, there is increased interest in New Age activities such as yoga,
meditation and crystal healing.
However, theories of secularisation claim that traditional organised religion has
declined, while science and rational thought have become more important.
Applying material from Item J and your knowledge, evaluate the view that an increase in
spirituality in the United Kingdom has compensated for the decline of organised religion.
[20 marks]](/img/JUN18_71922/JUN18_71922_15.webp)
![1 8
Read Item L below and answer the question that follows.
Item L
Dependency theory explanations of development and underdevelopment argue that
also argue that development is difficult to achieve within the existing capitalist world
system.
However, critics claim that dependency theory does not consider how countries may be
responsible for their own failure to develop.
Applying material from Item L and your knowledge, evaluate dependency theory
explanations of development and underdevelopment.
[20 marks]](/img/JUN18_71922/JUN18_71922_18.webp)
![2 1
Read Item N below and answer the question that follows.
Item N
The hypodermic syringe model argues that media messages are so powerful that they
directly and immediately affect their audiences in various ways. For example, the
model argues that exposure to media violence causes real-life violence.
However, critics argue that audiences are active rather than passive and are able to
reject media messages.
Applying material from Item N and your knowledge, evaluate the view that the media
have a direct and immediate effect on their audiences.
[20 marks]](/img/JUN18_71922/JUN18_71922_21.webp)
![2 4
Read Item P below and answer the question that follows.
Item P
One view is that ethnicity is the most important dimension of inequality today. For
example, Black people are more likely to be unemployed. One reason for this may be
institutional racism.
However, other sociologists argue that other dimensions of inequality such as social
class are more important.
Applying material from Item P and your knowledge, evaluate the view that ethnicity is the
most important dimension of inequality today.
[20 marks]](/img/JUN18_71922/JUN18_71922_24.webp)
![0 4
Read Item B below and answer the question that follows.
Item B
Much media output is devoted to crime but the media offer a distorted portrayal of crime
and criminals. The media are also often seen as causing crime, for example by creating
a sense of relative deprivation or causing moral panics. The new media also provide
opportunities both for committing crime and for policing it.
Applying material from Item B and your knowledge, evaluate sociological contributions to
our understanding of the relationship between crime and the media.
[30 marks]
Extra space](/img/JUN18_71923/JUN18_71923_04.webp)
![0 6
Read Item C below and answer the question that follows.
Item C
Structured interviews are a relatively cheap way of studying a sample. Positivist
sociologists favour structured interviews because they produce reliable data that can be
used to test hypotheses.
However, critics argue that structured interviews are inflexible and that their results lack
validity.
Applying material from Item C and your knowledge, evaluate the advantages of using
structured interviews in sociological research.
[20 marks]](/img/JUN18_71923/JUN18_71923_06.webp)
![0 5
Read Item A below and answer the question that follows.
Item A
When children start school, girls are already ahead of boys. This trend continues
throughout school life, including at GCSE and A-level.
Some sociologists see factors within schools as the main cause of gender differences
in educational achievement. One such factor is the increasing number of female head
teachers in both primary and secondary schools.
Other sociologists suggest that out-of-school factors may have a greater impact on
gender differences in achievement, such as men and women’s changing positions in
society.
Applying material from Item A and your knowledge, evaluate the view that gender
differences in educational achievement are the result of factors within schools.
[20 marks]
Extra space](/img/JUN17_71911/JUN17_71911_05.webp)
![0 2
Evaluate the importance of theoretical factors when choosing sociological research
methods.
[16 marks]](/img/JUN17_71912/JUN17_71912_02.webp)
![0 7
Read Item A below and answer the question that follows.
Item A
The United Kingdom is a multicultural society with a range of different ethnic groups.
Some of these ethnic groups have their own distinctive identity and culture.
However, individuals may adopt more than one identity, depending on the social
situation in which they find themselves.
Applying material from Item A and your knowledge, evaluate sociological explanations
of the ways in which ethnicity may shape identity.
[20 marks]](/img/JUN17_71912/JUN17_71912_07.webp)
![1 2
Read Item B below and answer the question that follows.
Item B
The ‘march of progress’ view argues that the experience of childhood in Western
societies has improved in the last 50 years or so. In particular, families have
become child centred.
However, other sociologists point to many negative aspects of childhood today,
such as increased child obesity.
Applying material from Item B and your knowledge, evaluate sociological explanations
of changes in the experience of childhood in the last 50 years or so.
[20 marks]](/img/JUN17_71912/JUN17_71912_12.webp)
![1 7
Read Item C below and answer the question that follows.
Item C
Working-class people are at a greater risk of illness and early death than middle-
class people. Materialist explanations see the unequal structure of society as the
underlying cause of these social class inequalities in health.
However, some sociologists argue that cultural and behavioural differences are
more important.
Applying material from Item C and your knowledge, evaluate materialist explanations for
social class inequalities in health.
[20 marks]](/img/JUN17_71912/JUN17_71912_17.webp)
![2 2
Read Item D below and answer the question that follows.
Item D
Marxists argue that alienation at work is inevitable in capitalist society. They argue
that technology is used to de-skill workers and make work repetitive and dull.
Technology enables managers to control workers more effectively.
Other sociologists are more optimistic about the nature of work. They argue that
technology can free workers from monotonous work and can increase workers’
skills and independence.
Applying material from Item D and your knowledge, evaluate the view that alienation at
work is inevitable in capitalist society.
[20 marks]](/img/JUN17_71912/JUN17_71912_22.webp)
![0 4
Read Item B below and answer the question that follows.
Item B
Sociologists agree that education transmits ideas and values. However, they disagree
about the nature of these ideas and values, and who benefits from this process.
For example, feminists argue that education transmits patriarchal ideology, and that
this benefits men.
Other sociologists argue that the education system has become fragmented and
transmits a diverse range of ideas and values.
Applying material from Item B and your knowledge, evaluate sociological explanations of
the role of education in transmitting ideas and values.
[30 marks]
Extra space](/img/JUN17_71921/JUN17_71921_04.webp)
![0 3
Read Item B below and answer the question that follows.
Item B
Many sociologists separate the self into two parts: how individuals see themselves,
and how others see them. Interactionists argue that these two parts are closely
connected, and that our sense of self is influenced by the reactions of people that we
interact with in our everyday lives.
Other sociologists believe that we can only understand the individual’s sense of self if
we consider the influence of social structures such as class.
Applying material from Item B and your knowledge, evaluate interactionist explanations of
how an individual’s sense of self is socially constructed.
[20 marks]](/img/JUN17_71922/JUN17_71922_03.webp)
![0 6
Read Item D below and answer the question that follows.
Item D
Functionalists believe the family has its own important role to play in helping society to
function effectively. In each type of society, one particular type of family will be the
norm. This family type will fit the needs both of its individual members and of society
as a whole.
Other sociologists believe that functionalists fail to consider ways in which families are
dysfunctional.
Applying material from Item D and your knowledge, evaluate functionalist explanations of
the role of the family in society.
[20 marks]](/img/JUN17_71922/JUN17_71922_06.webp)
![0 9
Read Item F below and answer the question that follows.
Item F
Different models offer competing explanations of health and illness. One model sees
health and illness as socially constructed. This approach attempts to explain why
some people are defined as being ill and others are not.
Other sociologists believe that health and illness can only be fully understood if we
take structural factors into account.
Applying material from Item F and your knowledge, evaluate the view that health and
illness are socially constructed.
[20 marks]](/img/JUN17_71922/JUN17_71922_09.webp)
![1 2
Read Item H below and answer the question that follows.
Item H
Despite the Equal Pay Act, gender differences in income remain. Women’s gross
hourly earnings are on average about one-fifth lower than men’s. Similarly, single
women pensioners are one of the groups most at risk of poverty.
Feminists argue that gender differences in poverty are caused by the patriarchal
nature of society.
Applying material from Item H and your knowledge, evaluate the view that gender
differences in poverty are caused by patriarchy.
[20 marks]](/img/JUN17_71922/JUN17_71922_12.webp)
![1 5
Read Item J below and answer the question that follows.
Item J
The development of modern society has been accompanied by a scientific approach
to understanding and controlling the world. Scientific explanations, based on
evidence and reason, have challenged religious explanations based on faith.
However, religion continues to play an important role in many people’s lives today.
Applying material from Item J and your knowledge, evaluate the view that science has a
greater influence than religion on people’s lives today.
[20 marks]](/img/JUN17_71922/JUN17_71922_15.webp)
![1 8
Read Item L below and answer the question that follows.
Item L
Several different types of agencies are involved in the development process.
These include non-governmental organisations (NGOs) such as Oxfam and Save the
Children. NGOs differ widely in terms of the scale and focus of their work.
Sociologists disagree about the effects that these organisations have on the
development process.
Applying material from Item L and your knowledge, evaluate the contribution of
non-governmental organisations to the development process.
[20 marks]](/img/JUN17_71922/JUN17_71922_18.webp)
![2 1
Read Item N below and answer the question that follows.
Item N
From a pluralist perspective, the media are an important part of the democratic
process, because they give different interest groups the opportunity to put forward
their views. Pluralists also argue that the media respond to the needs of the
audience.
However, other sociologists argue that powerful groups are able to control the output
of the media so that it reflects their own interests.
Applying material from Item N and your knowledge, evaluate the pluralist view of the
ownership and control of the media.
[20 marks]](/img/JUN17_71922/JUN17_71922_21.webp)
![2 4
Read Item P below and answer the question that follows.
Item P
Weberian sociologists argue that inequality has several dimensions, such as class,
status and power.
However, Marxist sociologists argue that social class is always the most important of
these dimensions.
Applying material from Item P and your knowledge, evaluate sociological explanations of
the relationship between class, status and power.
[20 marks]](/img/JUN17_71922/JUN17_71922_24.webp)
![0 4
Read Item B below and answer the question that follows.
Item B
Societies attempt to prevent or control crime in various ways. These may range
from simple prevention strategies to tough punishments aimed at deterring
would-be offenders. They may also include policies to tackle the underlying
causes of crime.
One important type of crime control today is surveillance. This involves monitoring
people’s behaviour. Surveillance may also include profiling people in terms of their
gender, nationality or other characteristics to determine what level of risk they
pose.
Applying material from Item B and your knowledge, evaluate sociological contributions
to our understanding of crime prevention and control.
[30 marks]
Extra space](/img/JUN17_71923/JUN17_71923_04.webp)
![0 6
Read Item C below and answer the question that follows.
Item C
Some sociologists take a consensus approach to the study of society.
For example, functionalists see society as based on shared values and with all its
parts working harmoniously together to meet the needs of the social system.
Other sociologists take a conflict approach. For example, Marxists see society as
divided by a fundamental conflict in which one class uses its power to exploit the
other. Labelling theory and Weber’s social action theory also highlight the
importance of conflict and power.
Applying material from Item C and your knowledge, evaluate the view that conflict
approaches are more useful than consensus approaches to our understanding of
society.
[20 marks]
Extra space
20](/img/JUN17_71923/JUN17_71923_06.webp)
![0 5
Read Item A below and answer the question that follows.
Item A
Social class differences in achievement can be seen at all levels of the education
system, from pupils’ performance in primary school to the likelihood of their
going to university. Many sociologists believe differences in pupils’ home
backgrounds are the main cause of these class differences in achievement. For
example, better-off middle-class parents may be more likely to adopt parenting
practices that encourage intellectual development and to involve themselves
more in their children’s schooling.
However, other sociologists see factors within schools as more important. Some
sociologists also argue that home background and school factors are often
interlinked.
Applying material from Item A and your knowledge, evaluate the view that social
class differences in educational achievement are mainly caused by differences in
pupils’ home backgrounds.
[20 marks]
Extra space
20](/img/JUN16_71911/JUN16_71911_05.webp)
![0 2
Evaluate the advantages of using official statistics in sociological research.
[16 marks]](/img/JUN16_71912/JUN16_71912_02.webp)
![0 7
Read Item A below and answer the question that follows.
Item A
For some sociologists, globalisation is having a significant impact on social identity
in the United Kingdom today. Globalisation exposes people to a range of influences
and experiences that may challenge local and national sources of identity.
One possible consequence of this is the emergence of new hybrid identities.
Applying material from Item A and your knowledge, evaluate the view that
globalisation is having a significant impact on social identity in the United Kingdom
today.
[20 marks]](/img/JUN16_71912/JUN16_71912_07.webp)
![1 2
Read Item B below and answer the question that follows.
Item B
Marxists see all social institutions as serving the interests of capitalism. They argue
that institutions such as the family help to maintain the system of class inequality
and exploitation.
Alternatively, functionalists argue that the family performs vital functions for the
whole of society. For example, family members benefit from the support and
emotional satisfaction that they give each other.
Applying material from Item B and your knowledge, evaluate the contribution of
Marxist views to our understanding of the family.
[20 marks]](/img/JUN16_71912/JUN16_71912_12.webp)
![1 7
Read Item C below and answer the question that follows.
Item C
Traditionally, disability was seen as an imperfection that meant a person was unable
to perform everyday tasks.
Alternatively, the idea of the social construction of disability is that a person may
have an impairment of some kind. However, this impairment only becomes a
disability as a result of the way in which society is organised and responds to the
impairment.
Applying material from Item C and your knowledge, evaluate the view that disability is
socially constructed.
[20 marks]](/img/JUN16_71912/JUN16_71912_17.webp)
![2 2
Read Item D below and answer the question that follows.
Item D
For some people, worklessness has a significant negative effect on their lives and
life chances. The unemployed may struggle to make ends meet, and being out of
work may also affect self-esteem.
However, there are some social groups that may choose not to work, or may not
need to work. For these groups, worklessness can be a positive experience.
Applying material from Item D and your knowledge, evaluate sociological views on the
significance of worklessness for people’s lives and life chances.
[20 marks]](/img/JUN16_71912/JUN16_71912_22.webp)
![0 4
Read Item B below and answer the question that follows.
Item B
At each stage from pre-school through to university entrance, girls tend to do better
than boys. For example, on entering primary school, girls are more likely to be
able to write their own name. On the other hand, boys are more likely than girls to
be assessed by their schools as having special educational needs.
When it comes to subject choice at age 16, there are major gender differences in
the popularity of different A-level subjects and even greater gender differences in
vocational courses.
Applying material from Item B and your knowledge, evaluate the view that gender
differences in both subject choice and educational achievement are mainly the result
of the influence of wider society.
[30 marks]
Extra space](/img/SP1_71921/SP1_71921_04.webp)
![0 3
Read Item B below and answer the question that follows.
Item B
The postmodern view is that we have freedom of choice over our leisure activities.
We are free to choose who we want to be and our choice of leisure helps to create
our identity. Whatever our class, age, gender or ethnicity, we can become
whoever we want to be through our leisure and consumption choices.
Applying material from Item B and your knowledge, evaluate the view that our leisure
and consumption choices are the most important factors in shaping our identity.
[20 marks]](/img/SP1_71922/SP1_71922_03.webp)
![0 6
Read Item B below and answer the question that follows.
Item B
Some sociologists argue that changes within the family and in wider society have
led to more equality in modern family life. The way in which domestic tasks are
allocated is more equal and both partners are likely to be in paid employment.
This sharing of responsibilities has led to more equal power relationships.
Applying material from Item B and your knowledge, evaluate the view that the
division of labour and power relationships in couples are equal in modern family life.
[20 marks]](/img/SP1_71922/SP1_71922_06.webp)
![0 9
Read Item B below and answer the question that follows.
Item B
Doctors present themselves as acting in the interests of their patients and wider
society in the fight against disease and suffering. However, according to conflict
sociologists, doctors serve the interests of powerful groups such as the
pharmaceutical industry and the capitalist class as a whole. They also protect their
own self-interest as highly privileged, well-paid professionals.
Applying material from Item B and your knowledge, evaluate the view that the
medical profession serves the interests of powerful groups in society.
[20 marks]](/img/SP1_71922/SP1_71922_09.webp)
![1 2
Read Item B below and answer the question that follows.
Item B
For some sociologists, technological change is often associated with de-skilling
and an increase in management control over the workforce. Management may
use the introduction of technology to break down the work process into a number
of unskilled tasks and therefore undermine the position of skilled workers.
Applying material from Item B and your knowledge, evaluate the view that the
introduction of technology leads to de-skilling.
[20 marks]](/img/SP1_71922/SP1_71922_12.webp)
![1 5
Read Item B and answer the question that follows.
Item B
Many sociologists argue that religious beliefs and organisations act as
conservative forces and barriers to social change. For example, religious doctrines
such as the Hindu belief in reincarnation or Christian teachings on the family have
given religious justification to existing social structures. Similarly, it is argued that
religious organisations such as churches are often extremely wealthy and closely
linked to elite groups and power structures.
Applying material from Item B and your knowledge, evaluate the view that religious
beliefs and organisations are barriers to social change.
[20 marks]](/img/SP1_71922/SP1_71922_15.webp)
![1 8
Read Item B below and answer the question that follows.
Item B
Some writers argue that conflicts in poor countries are caused by a lack of
development and that this leads to frustration and desperation. Conflict in turn
further limits development. Some conflicts last for a long time, for example, the
conflict in the Democratic Republic of Congo lasted for at least 20 years and
claimed millions of lives.
Applying material from Item B and your knowledge, evaluate the view that conflicts in
poor countries are caused by a lack of development.
[20 marks]](/img/SP1_71922/SP1_71922_18.webp)
![2 1
Read Item B below and answer the question that follows.
Item B
Sociological studies have found that women appear on television less than men do
and play a narrower range of roles. Women presenters are often young,
glamorous, white and slim. In fiction, female characters are frequently portrayed
as emotional. The media also show women how they should look and how to get
a partner.
Applying material from Item B and your knowledge, evaluate the view that the media
portray women in a stereotypical way.
[20 marks]](/img/SP1_71922/SP1_71922_21.webp)
![2 4
Read Item B below and answer the question that follows.
Item B
Feminists seek to explain gender inequalities. Different branches of feminism
focus on different aspects of the lives and life chances of women. All feminists
agree that women suffer subordination. However, they disagree about how
women’s subordination can be overcome.
Applying material from Item B and your knowledge, evaluate the usefulness of
feminist theories in understanding the position of women in society.
[20 marks]](/img/SP1_71922/SP1_71922_24.webp)
![0 4
Read Item B below and answer the question that follows.
Item B
Some functionalist sociologists argue that crime and deviance are caused by the
inability of some people to gain the rewards of society, for example because of
educational underachievement. Those members of society whose opportunities
are blocked cannot achieve the goals of society by socially approved means.
Applying material from Item B and your knowledge, evaluate the usefulness of
functionalist approaches in understanding crime and deviance.
[30 marks]
Extra space](/img/SP1_71923/SP1_71923_04.webp)
![0 6
Read Item C below and answer the question that follows.
Item C
Marxists see society as based on conflict between social classes. Those who own
the means of production are able to exploit those who do not and are also able to
impose their views on society.
However, different Marxists have different views about the nature of capitalist
society and about how social change occurs.
Applying material from Item C and your knowledge, evaluate the usefulness of Marxist
approaches in understanding society.
[20 marks]](/img/SP1_71923/SP1_71923_06.webp)
